Delusion
1. is a fixed, false, firm belief.
2. held on inadequate grounds.
3. cannot be shaken by the contrary evidence.
4. cannot be explained by social, religious, cultural or educational ground.
If anyone of these pillars is missing, then it is not delusion.
Reactive Depression
- Psychological symptoms present
- Psychotherapy and SSRIs work
Indogenous Depression
- Biological symptoms(sleep, weight loss, anorexia, sexual dysfunction) present
- Tricyclic antidepressents work
Benzodiazepines
should be used for 2 weeks because of psychological dependence (drug dependence) which happens if used more than 2 wks.
Cannabinnoids
Urinary canabinnoid can come upto 1 month after leaving its use because it is lipophylic, deposits in the lipid of the body and slowly comes in circulation. Blood cannabinnoid is not measured.
T1/2 is 48hrs in the body.
Drives and Motives
The internal factors compelling one to perform some activity are
called Drives. While the external environment compelling one to
perform some activity is called Motive.
–Tricyclic antidepressants have anticholinergic effect (constipation, dry mouth).
Physiological Drug Dependence
The receptors are formed n the brain due to the use of drug, and when these receptors are empty withdrawal symptoms take place. e.g; heroin and diazepam dependence.
Psychological Drug Dependence
There is no receptor mechanism in this dependence and instead the patient himself thinks that he is dependent on the drug. e.g ; cannabinoids dependence.
Claustrophobia
Claustrophobia is an anxiety disorder that involves the fear of enclosed or confined spaces. Claustrophobes may suffer from panic attacks, or fear of having a panic attack, in situations such as being in elevators, trains, boxes or aircrafts.
Conversely, people who are prone to having panic attacks will often develop claustrophobia. If a panic attack occurs while they are in a confined space, then the claustrophobe fears not being able to escape the situation. Those suffering from claustrophobia might find it difficult to breathe in closed auditoriums, theatres, and elevators. Like many other disorders, claustrophobia can sometimes develop due to a traumatic incident in childhood.
Claustrophobia can be treated in similar ways to other anxiety disorders, with a range of treatments including cognitive behavior therapy and the use of anti-anxiety medication. Hypnosis is an alternative treatment for claustrophobia.
Delirium and Dementia
Global impairment of cognitive functions is called delirium ( acute) and dementia (chronic).
In Delirium consciousness is not present while in Dementia it is present.
Epilepsy Psychosis
Try to give the drugs which don’t aggravate anticholinergic effect e.g; SSRIs and Tricyclic antidepressants increase the anticholinergic effect, so avoid it’s use in the seizures of Psychosis.
